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Displacement reaction in pulse current deposition of PtRu for methanol electro-oxidation

Galvanostatic depositions in rectangular pulses and nitrosol precursors were employed to prepare PtRu nanoparticles on carbon clothes in various sizes and compositions. Variables including current on-time (Ton), current off-time (Toff), and current density were explored to identify the optimized catalytic performances for methanol electro-oxidation. Electrochemical characterizations including cyclic voltammetry and hydrogen desorption were carried out. Images from a transmission electron microscope on the PtRu nanoparticles revealed a moderate size distribution. Signals from X-ray patterns indicated a slight shift of diffraction peaks, suggesting that the Ru was alloyed successfully in the Pt lattice. In addition, the amount of alloyed Ru was found to decrease with reduced duty cycles. Composition determinations from inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and analysis on the oxidation states from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggested a displacement reaction in which the Ru was alternately deposited and dissolved during Ton and Toff, while the Pt was deposited continuously. As a result, we observed substantial enrichment of Pt in the PtRu nanoparticles when the duty cycle was shortened.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Methyleneglucoses – Transition metal catalyzed synthesis from formaline and glucose; Importance of heterobimetallic catalyst

Iron III, ruthenium III and tin (II) chlorides catalyze the synthesis of methyleneglucoses with a yield of 13-20%. Chlorides of remaining metals and many different iron salts are considerably inferior. The yields of methyleneglucoses is further increased up to 36% when a heterobimetallic system (FeCl3 + SnCl22H2O) is applied as a catalyst. Hypothesis of the mechanism implies formation of a heterobimetallic complex bridged by Cl, gem-diol and glucose. The structure of two methyleneglucoses was established as 1,2:5,6-di-O-methylene-alpha-glucofuranose and 1,2:3,5-di-O-methylene-alpha-glucofuranose.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Enantioselective Electron Transfer Reaction Catalyzed by a Novel Photosensitizer, 2+

A novel ruthenium photosensitizer, (2+), was found to have Lambda-configuration predominantly and reduce catalytically with high enetioselectivity (kLambda/kDelta = 1.54) under irradiation of light (lambda>400 nm) in ethanol/water (9:1 v/v).

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The subtle effects of iron-containing metal surfaces on the reductive carbonylation of RuCl3

The use of iron-containing metal surfaces, Fe, Fe-Cr-alloy and stainless steel, for the synthesis of mixed metal Ru-Fe compounds has been studied. The studied process was reductive carbonylation of RuCl3 in the presence of a metal surface. Reactions were carried out in ethanol solutions under 10-50 bar carbon monoxide pressure at 125 C using an autoclave. During the reaction the metal surface was oxidized, releasing iron into the solution and acting as a sacrificial source of iron. Under these conditions the corrosion of the metal surface was facile and produced a series of iron-containing species. In addition to the formation of most obvious iron(ii) products, such as [Fe(H2O)6]2+ or [FeCl2(H 2O)4] the use of the metal surface also provided a route to novel labile trinuclear [Ru2Cl2(-Cl) 4(CO)6FeL2] (L = H2O, EtOH) complexes. The stability and reactivity of the [Ru2Cl 2(-Cl)4(CO)6FeL2] complexes were further studied using computational DFT methods. Based on the computational results a reaction route has been suggested for the formation and decomposition of [Ru2Cl2(-Cl)4(CO)6FeL 2]. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2006.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Spectroscopic characterization of primary and secondary phosphine ligation on ruthenium(II) complexes

Ruthenium(II) complexes of the primary phosphines PH2Fc and PH2CH2Fc and the secondary phosphine PH-(CH 2Fc)2, including [(p-cymene)RuCl(L)2](PF 6) (p-cymene = p-iPrC6H4Me, L = PH2CH2Fc and PH(CH2Fc)2, 2b and 2c, respectively) and trans-[RuCl2(L)4] (L = PH2Fc, PH2CH2Fc, and PH(CH2Fc)2, 3a-c, respectively) were prepared and characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. 3b was additionally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The spectroscopic effects of phosphine ligation were determined. Characteristic downfield shifts of the 31P NMR resonances and increases in energy of the nu(P-H) modes were observed in all cases. Iterative fitting of coupling constants to second-order NMR spectra also resulted in a complete elucidation of 31P-1H and 31P-31P couplings. This analysis provides a basis for considering the influence of coordinate bonding on the observed 1JPH and 2JPP constants.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Chloro Nitrosyl Complexes of Ruthenium(II). The Crystal Structure of (PPh3Me)22*2CH2Cl2

Ruthenium trichloride, obtained from its hydrate with thionyl chloride, reacts with excess trichloronitromethane yielding polymer ; by addition of triphenylmethylphosphonium chloride in dichloromethane (PPh3Me)22*2CH2Cl2 is obtained, the IR spectrum of which is reported and assigned.Its crystal structure was determined with X-ray diffraction data (6404 independent observed reflexions, R = 0.068).Crystal data at -90 deg C: a = 1145, b = 1591, c = 1406 pm, beta = 96.0 deg, Z = 2, space group P21/c.The structure consists of PPh3Me(+) cations, centrosymmetric anions 2(2-) nearly fulfilling C2h symmetry, and CH2Cl2 molecules.In the anions the Ru atoms are linked via chloro bridges; the nitrosyl groups occupy axial positions with bond distances RuN of 175 and NO of 113 pm, bond angle RuNO 172.7 deg. – Key words: Chloro Nitrosyl Complexes of Ruthenium(II), Syntheses, IR Spectra, Crystal Structure

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Children learn through play, and they learn more than adults might expect. Science experiments are a great way to spark their curiosity, get their minds active, and encourage them to do something that doesn¡¯t involve a screen. 10049-08-8, Cl3Ru. A document type is Article, introducing its new discovery., category: ruthenium-catalysts

Pd-Catalyzed C-3 functionalization of indolizines via C-H bond cleavage

New transition metal-catalyzed methods for the arylation of indolizines by the direct cleavage of C-H bonds have been developed. A wide range of aryltrifluoroborate salts react with indolizines in the presence of Pd(OAc) 2 catalyst and AgOAc oxidant to give the arylated indolizines in high yields. Both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups perform smoothly while bromide and chlorine substituents are tolerated. In addition, the indolizines display similar reactivities in the Pd-catalyzed reaction with 3-phenylpropiolic acid to afford the corresponding C-3 alkynylated indolizines. These methods allow the direct functionalization of indolizines in one step.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Process for preparing synthesis gas by autothermal reforming

Disclosed is a process for producing a synthesis gas by an autothermal reforming method including a step of partially oxidizing a carbon-containing organic compound to produce a high temperature mixed gas, and a synthesis producing step of reacting the unreacted carbon-containing organic compound contained in the high temperature mixed gas with carbon dioxide and/or steam, wherein a catalyst having a considerably suppressed carbon deposition activity is used as a catalyst for the synthesis gas producing step. The catalyst is characterized in that the catalyst comprises a carrier formed of a metal oxide, and at least one catalytic metal selected from rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, palladium and platinum and supported on the carrier, in that the catalyst has a specific surface area of 25 m2/g or less, in that metal ion of the carrier metal oxide has electronegativity of 13.0 or less, and in that the amount of the catalytic metal supported is 0.0005-0.1 mole %, in terms of a metal, based on the carrier metal oxide.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Five-coordinate 16-electron carbene- and vinylideneruthenium(II) complexes prepared from [RuCl2(C8H12)]n or from the new dihydridoruthenium(IV) compound [RuH2Cl2(PiPr3)2]

The dihydridoruthenium(IV) compound [RuH2-Cl2(PiPr3)2] (2), which is obtained on treatment of [RuCl2(C8H12)]n with PiPr3 in 2-butanol in the presence of H2, reacts with PhC?CH in CH2Cl2 at 25 C to give a mixture of [RuCl2(=C=CHPh)(PiPr3)2] (4) and [RuCl2(=CHCH2Ph)(PiPr3)2] (5). Both complexes 4 and 5 as well as the methylcarbene derivative [RuCl2-(=CHCH3)(PiPr3)2] (6) have been isolated; moreover, compounds 2 and 5 have been characterized by X-ray crystal structure analyses.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Efficient synthesis of ruthenium(II) eta5-dienyl compounds starting from Di-mu-chlorodichloro-bis[(1-3eta:6-8eta)-2,7-dimethyloctadienediyl] diruthenium(IV). Versatile precursors for enantioselective hydrogenation catalysts

The dimeric complex di-mu-chlorodichloro-bis[(1-3eta:6-8eta)-2,7-dimethyloctadienediyl] diruthenium(IV) in the presence of base reacts with cyclic and acyclic dienes to the corresponding bis(eta5-dienyl)ruthenium(II) compounds. Crystalline yellow compounds have been isolated ‘in high yields for dienyl = cyclopentadienyl, pentamethylpentadienyl, cycloheptadienyl, indenyl, dimethylpentadienyl, and trimethylpentadienyl.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI