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A highly active supramolecular system for visible light-driven water oxidation was developed with cyclodextrin-modified ruthenium complex as the photosensitizer, phenyl-modified ruthenium complexes as the catalysts, and sodium persulfate as the sacrificial electron acceptor. The catalysts were found to form 1:1 host-guest adducts with the photosensitizer. Stopped-flow measurement revealed the host-guest interaction is essential to facilitate the electron transfer from catalyst to sensitizer. As a result, a remarkable quantum efficiency of 84% was determined under visible light irradiation in neutral aqueous phosphate buffer. This value is nearly 1 order of magnitude higher than that of noninteraction system, indicating that the noncovalent incorporation of sensitizer and catalyst is an appealing approach for efficient conversion of solar energy into fuels.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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In this study, a novel photosensitizer having two perylenediimide units and a phenanthroline ruthenium(ii) coordination moiety (Ru-BP) has been developed for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer cells. This new compound was prepared via reactions of two newly designed molecules, namely, 5,6,12,13-tetrakis(4-(tert-butyl)phenoxy)-2-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)anthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d?e?f?]diisoquinoline-1,3,8,10(2H,9H)-tetraone (P6) and a bis(2,2?-bipyridyl)-(4,7-dichlorophenanthroline)ruthenium(ii) complex (7). The singlet oxygen production of P6 and Ru-BP was investigated by a chemical method using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofurane as a trap molecule. Additionally, photodynamic therapy efficacy of the novel Ru-BP complex and P6 was evaluated in vitro. Ru-BP significantly decreased the viability of human chronic myeloid leukemia cells under red light but not in the dark, pointing out that the complex, itself, was not cytotoxic and singlet oxygen formation was required for the initiation of cell death mechanisms. Thus, Ru-BP can be effectively used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy, which makes the novel Ru-BP a promising singlet oxygen generator for further biological applications.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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A novel near infrared (NIR) phosphorescent osmium complex (Os1) was developed for lysosome tracking and photodynamic therapy. Owing to its NIR photophysical properties, cellular imaging ability and phototoxicity, it has advantages over its ruthenium analogue (Ru1).

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The invention relates to a multi-ruthenium metal complex, the ruthenium metal complex is as follows as shown structure. For the complex 2′, 2 – bipyridyl, 3 – thiophene – 1, 2, 4 – triazine and [5, 6 – f] 1, 10 – O-phenanthroline with hydrated ruthenium trichloride reaction synthesis. The invention of the multi-ruthenium metal complex has good water-solubility, can be detecting the stomach cancer patient peripheral blood with high expression miR – 185. (by machine translation)

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Polypyridyl complexes of Ru(n) and Ir(III) incorporating a boronic acid substituent undergo cross-coupling with bromosubstituted complexes, and a sequential coupling-bromination-coupling strategy permits the controlled synthesis of a luminescent Y-shaped heterometallic assembly, in which efficient energy transfer to the terminus occurs.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Irradiation of rac-[Ru(bpy)2(PhP(OMe)2)(Cl)]Cl (2) at lambdat > 460 nm results in the photochromic generation of a new atropisomer and chirality inversion, via rotation of the PhP(OMe)2 moiety around the Ru-P bond. However, since the energetic barrier to rotation is low resulting in racemization, it was found that the formation of a supramolecular complex between 2 and gamma-cyclodextrin (gamma-CDx) facilitated the stabilization of the new atropisomeric conformation. On irradiation the bisignate signals in the circular dichroism spectrum of the 2:gamma-CDx complex were converted to an entirely new and distinct circular dichroism spectrum, as a result of a different spatial orientation of the phenyl electronic transition in the PhP(OMe)2 moiety (the active circular dichroism spectra were found to arise from different g factor values of the Delta-2:gamma-CDx and Lambda-2:gammaCDx complexes). The new atropisomer formation and subsequent thermally induced interconversion could be further detected by conventional and variable temperature 1H NMR studies. Determination of the conformation of the new atropisomer was achieved by combining analysis of the changes in the circular dichroism spectra by exciton coupling theory with molecular modeling and DFT calculations.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Strategies for the preparation of multinuclear complexes containing homoditopic and heteroditopic ligands based upon 2,2?-bipyridine (bpy) and 2,2?:6?,2?-terpyridine metal binding domains are presented. Both conventional approaches based upon preparation of a free ligand and subsequent coordination and metal-directed reactions of coordinated ligands are utilized in the various strategies. A representative series of complexes of these ligands has been prepared.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The coordination behavior and fluorescence spectra of pyrene-appended Schiff bases and the ruthenium(II) complexes were studied. The study was done with two generic types of ruthenium(II) precursor with different set of Lewis base ligands. The Lewis base ligands chosen were (i) 2,2?-bipyridine and (ii) triphenyl phosphine and carbonyl together. The molecular structures of two of the complexes were studied by X-ray crystallography. The effect of these two different set of ligands as well as the Schiff base ligands on the fluorescence spectra of the complexes in organic solvent were compared.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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To develop metallosurfactant-based fluorescent aggregates, it is important to understand the impact of the head and tail parts on the self-assembly behaviour. Herein, a new series of water soluble, emissive double chain surfactant-ruthenium(ii) complexes differing in their head group size and chain length, [Ru(bpy)2(DA)2]Cl2 (1), [Ru(bpy)2(HA)2]Cl2 (2), [Ru(phen)2(DA)2]Cl2 (3), [Ru(phen)2(HA)2]Cl2 (4), where bpy = 2,2?-bipyridyl, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, DA = dodecylamine and HA = hexadecylamine, has been synthesized and characterized. For the complexes 1-4, hydrophobicity behaviour, critical aggregation concentration (CAC), thermodynamics of the aggregation (deltaGa, deltaHa, deltaSa), and the average size distribution, morphology and stability of the aggregates have been evaluated. The obtained results have shown that the increase in chain length as well as the size of the aromatic head group decreases the CAC values in the order of the complexes 1 > 2 > 3 > 4, whereas those changes increase the hydrophobicity and the average size distribution. The thermodynamics of the aggregation indicated that the process is kinetically controlled, spontaneous, exothermic and entropy driven. The self-assembled surfactant-ruthenium(ii) complexes are preferably spherical and belong to the vesicles family being green emissive and monodisperse and showing narrow size distribution and excellent stability in aqueous medium. The enlargement of vesicle size is noted upon increasing the head size as well as the chain length, but the former influences to a greater extent. This type of fluorescent metallovesicles can be used for biomedical and material applications in near future.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) comprising photosensitizers are described. The MOFs can also include moieties capable of absorbing X- rays and/or scintillation. Optionally, the photosensitizer or a derivative thereof can form a bridging ligand of the MOF. Further optionally, the MOF can comprise inorganic nanoparticles in the cavities or channels of the MOF or can be used in combination with an inorganic nanoparticle. Also described are methods of using MOFs and/or inorganic nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy or in X-ray induced photodynamic therapy, either with or without the co-administration of one or more immunotherapeutic agent and/or one or more chemotherapeutic agent.

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Reference£º
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI