Discovery of Ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate

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The crystal structures of three complexes of dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridyl ligands, 5,5′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridyl (1) and 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridyl (2) are reported. [Rh(1H)3] shows two interpenetrating, homochiral rhombohedral networks linked by short carboxylate-carboxylic acid hydrogen bonds, in which each complex acts as a node for six hydrogen bonds. [Ru(1H2)(1H)2] forms only four such hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of heterochiral chains held together by stacking between bipyridyls. [Co(2H)3] can in principle form six hydrogen bonds, but in practice forms only four in a layer structure where stacking interactions are important. This is attributed to differences in molecular shape. Copyright 2004 The Royal Society of Chemistry

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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New Ru(II) complexes with pyrazine-based pincer-type N-heterocyclic carbene ligands [(RCPCR)2Ru]X2 ( RCPCR = 2,6-bis(alkylimidazol-2-ylidene)pyrazine; R = Me and n-Bu; X = Cl and PF6) were synthesized and fully characterized. X-ray structure determinations revealed that complexes [(nBuCPC nBu)2Ru]Cl2, [(MeCPC Me)2Ru][PF6]2, and [( nBuCPCnBu)2Ru][PF6]2 have pseudo-octahedral configurations around the Ru(II) center with the two pincer ligands in the core structure. Protonation and methylation of the noncoordinated pyrazine nitrogen atom of the complexes resulted in dramatic variation of both absorption and emission spectrum.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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A new dyad and two triad chromophore compounds containing coumarin, Ru(II) and Os(II) terpyridine-type complexes were synthesized. The dyad is composed of coumarin and Os(II) units, while the triads are composed of coumarin, Ru(II) and Os(II) units. One of the triads has a phenylene spacer to connect the Ru(II) unit and the Os(II) unit, while the other has an azo moiety. Energy transfer in these multichromophoric systems has been probed by electronic absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. The switching behavior of photo-induced energy transfer by redox stimuli in the latter triad has been examined. Photophysical and electrochemical analysis indicates that the contribution of the energy transfer from the coumarin chromophores and the Ru(II) center to the Os(II)-centered emission in the ‘switch-on state’ is estimated to be about 70%. This contribution is larger than that in the previously reported Ru(II)/Os(II) dyad system, which was evaluated to be 40%. Thus, it is concluded that an improved switching of directional energy transfer has been achieved from the coumarin moiety to the Os(II) center in this new triad chromophore system. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2003.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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We herein describe the synthesis and characterization of a series of homoleptic, Ru(II) complexes bearing peripheral carboxylic acid functionality based upon the novel ligand 4?-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4?-di-(tert-butyl)tpy (L1), as well as 4?-(4-carboxyphenyl)tpy (L2) and 4?-(carboxy)tpy (L3) (where tpy = 2,2?: 6?,2?-terpyridine). Inspection of the metal-based oxidations (E1/2 = 1.22-1.42 V) indicates an anodic shift (?0.2 V) for (L3)2Ru2+ (3b) (E1/2 = 1.40 V) relative to (L2)2Ru2+ (2b) (E1/2 = 1.22 V). The metal-based oxidation (E1/2 = 1.22 V) and ligand-based reductions (E1/2 = -1.25 to -1.52 V) of (L1)2Ru2+ (1) are essentially invariant relative to those of the structural analogue 2b (PF6)2, which suggests no significant electronic effect caused by the tert-butyl groups. This is supported by invariance in the metal-to-ligand charge transfer bands in both the electronic absorption (494-489 nm) and emission spectra (654-652 nm). However, contrary to 2b, complex 1 is both very soluble and exhibits a highly porous solid-state structure with internal cavity dimensions of 15 A × 14 A due to the preclusion of inter-annular interactions by the bulky tert-butyl substituents.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The clean, high yield synthesis of the complexes [(eta6-p-cymene)Ru(P-P)Cl]PF6 (P-P=diphosphine ligand) from [(eta6-p-cymene)RuCl2]2 via [(eta6-p-cymene)Ru(NCMe)2Cl]PF6 is reported for a series of ‘normal’ diphosphine ligands. The X-ray crystal structure of the 1,1?-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene complex reveals the expected pianostool geometry, with the ligand cyclopentadienyl rings in the less usual eclipsed conformation.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Children learn through play, and they learn more than adults might expect. Science experiments are a great way to spark their curiosity, get their minds active, and encourage them to do something that doesn’t involve a screen. 20759-14-2, Cl3H2ORu. A document type is Article, introducing its new discovery., Safety of Ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate

The complexes, [Ru(bdmpp)(bpy)Cl](PF6) (1a), [Ru(bdmpp)(phen)Cl](PF6) (2a), and [Ru(bdmpp)(Me2bpy)Cl](PF6) (3a) (where bdmpp is 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-N-pyrazoyl)pyridine, bpy is 2,2?-bipyridine, phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and Me2bpy is 4,4?-dimethyl-2,2?-dipyridyl) were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, electronic absorption spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. 1a and 3a were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The chloride salt of 1a, [Ru(bdmpp)(bpy)Cl]Cl · 1.25CHCl3, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with Z=4, a=13.551(2), b=8.556(1), c=29.994(3) A, beta=100.28(1), V=3421.8(7) A3 with 4486 unique data yielding R1=0.0715 (I2sigma(I)). The chloride salt of 3a crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with 1.25 chloroform solvate and a=8.656(1), b=10.685(2), c=18.729(3) A, alpha=94.394(6), beta=99.72(1), gamma=98.61(1), V=1679.0(4) A3, Z=2, and R1=0.066 (I2sigma(I)) with 4403 unique reflections. Compounds 1a, 2a, and 3a are converted to their corresponding aqua complexes, 1b, 2b, and 3b upon treatment with aqueous silver ion, and to the acetonitrile species, 1c, 2c, and 3c, by dissolution in acetonitrile. Cyclic voltammograms in acetonitrile of 1a, 2a, and 3a display one-electron oxidations at 0.72, 0.71, 0.63 V, respectively, consistent with a Ru(III/II) couple. Compounds 1b, 2b, and 3b show a pH independent couple at pH<2 and a pH dependent couple consistent with a one-electron, one-proton process at pH values from ca. 2 to 11. Past pH 11 this redox process becomes pH independent again, and the compounds become unstable. The one-electron nature was verified by bulk electrolysis and spectroelectrochemical measurements. Interested yet? Keep reading other articles of 20759-14-2!, Safety of Ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate

Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a substrate. Enzyme inhibitors cause a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.I hope my blog about 20759-14-2 is helpful to your research., category: ruthenium-catalysts

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The synthesis and the physical properties of a new series of Ru(II) mixed ligand tris chelate complexes of the type [LxRu (bpy)3-x], where L = 2-(2?-pyridyl) quinoxaline and bpy = 2,2?-bipyridine, are reported. The complexes were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopic techniques, Electrospray Mass Spectroscopy, UV-visible spectra and elemental analyses. The complex [RuL3](PF6)2 probably has the mer conformation due to the bulky shape of the L on the side of quinoxaline. The complex [RuL2(bpy)](PF6)2 was isolated as a mixture of all three possible geometric isomers, while the [RuL(bpy)2](PF6)2 in only one isomer as theoretically expected. Photoinduced dissociation of one molecule of the ligand L from the complex [RuL3](PF6)2 upon exposure to room light has been studied by 1H NMR and UV-vis Spectroscopies.

The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a substrate. Enzyme inhibitors cause a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.I hope my blog about 20759-14-2 is helpful to your research., category: ruthenium-catalysts

Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Some metal complexes of N,N-dihexyl-N?-benzoylthiourea (DHBT) of the type M(DHBT)n [ M=Ni, Pd, Pt, (n=2), Ru, (n=3)] have been synthesised and studied using DTA and TG. These complexes undergo only the pyrolytic decomposition process. The orders, n, the activation energies, E, the pre-exponential factor, A, and the entropies, DeltaS of the thermal decomposition reactions have been derived from thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) curves. The characterisation of the end products of the decomposition was achieved by X-ray diffraction. UV-Vis and IR spectra were used for the investigation of characteristic absorption bands and the structural characterisation of ligand and the metals, respectively. Using the Coats and Redfern and Horowitz and Metzger methods performed kinetic analysis of the thermogravimetric data.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The synthesis of a new, robust fluorescence-resonance-energy-transfer (FRET) system is described. Its donor chromophore is derived from an N-allyl-substituted quinolinone attached to 4-bromophenyl-alanine via Heck cross-coupling. The resulting Fmoc-protected derivative 11 was used as building block in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). As FRET acceptor, a sulfonylated ruthenium(II)-bathophenanthroline complex with a peripheral COOH function was prepared for covalent attachment to target molecules. The UV/VIS absorption and emission spectra of peptides bearing only the donor (D) or acceptor (A) dye showed a good overlap of the emission band of the donor with the absorption band of the acceptor. The fluorescence spectra of a peptide bearing both dyes revealed an additional emission after excitation of the donor, which is due to indirect excitation of the acceptor via FRET. The long fluorescence lifetime of the RuII complex (0.53 mus) makes it well-suited for time-resolved measurements. As a first application of this new FRET system, the peptide 18, with the recognition sequence for the protease thrombin, flanked by the two dyes, was synthesized and successfully cleaved by the enzyme. The change in the ratio of the fluorescence intensities could be determined.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Novel heterogeneous photocatalysts were developed which are able to transfer electrons from excited Ru(II) donors within the zeolite framework to Co(III) acceptor complexes in the exterior. The materials were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, electrochemical methods, diffuse reflectance, and raster and transmission electron microscopy. The catalysts consist of zeolite Y-encapsulated Ru(bpy)32+ (bpy = 2,2a¿²-bipyridine) sensitizers in close proximity to TiO2 nanoparticles on the same support. The photophysical properties of Ru(bpy)32+ within the zeolite supercages were investigated at different loadings of Ru(bpy)32+ and TiO2. The photoexcited MLCT state of the zeolite-entrapped Ru(bpy)32+ reacts via electron transfer with Co(dpphen)33+ (dpphen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) in the exterior of the zeolite particles. The relative quenching of Ru(bpy)32+ by external Co(dpphen)33+ increases as the TiO2 content within the zeolite is increased, where electron transfer from Ru(bpy)32+ complexes within the interior of the zeolite are able to transfer electrons to Co(dpphen)33+. This observation indicates that electrons can be transported from the interior of the zeolite to the surface in the presence of an appropriate electron relay, such as TiO2 nanoparticles.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI