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A process for forming a carbon-carbon bond to couple an aryl or heteroaryl group of a first compound with an alkyl or cycloalkyl moietyof a second compound, the process comprising reacting the first compound with the second compound in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a neutral or cationic ruthenium(II) catalyst of formula (I).

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The invention relates to cyclic benzimidazoles of formula (I), in which the substituents and symbols have the meanings indicated in the description. The compounds have gastric secretion inhibiting and excellent gastric and intestinal protective action properties.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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A series of arene ruthenium(ii) complexes coordinated by phenanthroimidazole derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activities. It has been found that these types of arene Ru(ii) complexes, especially [(C6H6)Ru(o-ClPIP)Cl] Cl·2H2O (2a), exhibited acceptable antiproliferative activity against several human cancer cell lines but with low toxicity towards normal HK-2 human cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that 2a-induced growth inhibition against osteosarcoma MG-63 cells was mainly caused by S-phase cell cycle arrest, which was confirmed by the down-regulation of cyclin A and CDK2 using western blot analysis of protein levels. Furthermore, studies using comet assay at single cell level indicated that 2a triggered DNA damage in MG-63 cells, and subsequently initiated S-phase arrest, as shown by the up-regulation of phosphorylated p53 and histone. Moreover, exposure of MG-63 cells to 2a resulted in the down-regulation of c-Myc protein expression. The in vitro DNA-binding behaviors also indicated that 2a could stabilize c-Myc G-quadruplex DNA (G4-DNA) by affecting its conformation. In conclusion, these results suggest that arene Ru(ii) complexes coordinated by phenanthroimidazole derivatives serve as c-Myc G4-DNA stabilizers that could induce S-phase arrest in cancer cells by triggering DNA damage, which suggest that these complexes may act as potential candidates for the treatment of human malignant osteosarcoma. This journal is the Partner Organisations 2014.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The trinuclear arene-ruthenium cluster cations [H3Ru 3(C6H6)(C6H2Me 4)2(O)]+ (2) and [H3Ru 3{C6H5(CH2)2OH}(C 6H2Me4)2(O)]+ (3) have been synthesised from the dinuclear precursor [H3Ru 2(C6H2Me4)2]+ (1) and the mononuclear complexes [Ru(C6H6)(H 2O)3]2+ and [Ru{C6H 5(CH2)2OH}(H2O)3] 2+, isolated and characterised as the tetrafluoroborate salts. Cations 2 and 3 are analogues of the cluster cation [H3Ru 3(C6H6)(C6Me6) 2(O)]+ which was found to catalyse the hydrogenation of benzene to give cyclohexane under biphasic conditions (‘supramolecular cluster catalysis’). The single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of 2 and 3 have been determined. Unlike [2][BF4]·3H2O, [3][PF 6]·H2O shows a dimeric structure in the solid state, thanks to hydrogen bonds between the hydroxo function of one molecule of 3, a water molecule and the oxo cap of an other molecule of 3.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The chloro-bridged metal compounds Cp*(Cl)M(mu-Cl)2M(Cl)Cp* (M = Rh, Ir; Cp* = eta5-C5Me5), (eta6-C6H6)(Cl)Ru(mu-Cl)2Ru(Cl)(eta6-C6H6), and (COD)Ir(mu-Cl)2Ir(COD) react with alpha-amino acidates to give monomeric chelate complexes Cp*(Cl)M(L-L’) (1) (M = Rh, Ir; L-L’ = GlyO, L-ValO, L-PheO, PhenylglyO, L-TrpO, L-ProO, L-HisO, L-AspO, L-azetidine-2-carboxylate), Cp*M(L-AspO,O’) (2) (M = Rh, Ir), +Cl- (3), (eta6-C6H6)(Cl)Ru(L-L’) (4) (L-L’ = L-ProO, L-PheO, L-p-NO2PheO, L-DopaO, D-PhenylglyO), <(eta6-C6H6)Ru(L-HisO)>+Cl- (5), and(COD)Ir(L-L’) (7, 8) (L-L’ = L-AlaO, L-PheO, L-ValO, L-LeuO, L-PhenylglyO, L-1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate), respectively.The complexes 1-5 have a stereogenic metal atom.Similarly, the cleavage of chloro bridges in (COD)Ir(mu-Cl)2Ir(COD) by alpha-amino acid esters affords the complexes (COD)(Ir(Cl)L (6) (L = GlyOEt, L-AlaOMe, L-ValOMe).The diastereoisomers of 1, 3, and 4 can be detected by NMR spectroscopy.With prolinate a diastereoselectivity up to 92:8 is archieved.The structures of Cp*(Cl)Ir(L-ProO) (1j), Cp*(Cl)Rh(L-azetidine-2-carboxylate) (1m), Cl (3), and (eta-C6H6)(Cl)Ru(L-ProO) (4a) have been determined by X-ray crystallography.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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A library of 32 organoruthenium compounds has been synthesised. Known and novel C-N cyclometalated compounds as well as N-C-N and N-N-C pincer derivatives of this metal have been used in this purpose. Most of the compounds have been tested for their in vitro antitumoral behaviours, good to excellent activities have thus been found. Several of the newly synthesized compounds pass the symbolic barrier of the nanomolar range for their IC50 indicating a critical improvement. The level of activity is tentatively correlated to physicochemical properties of the compounds such as their RuIII/II redox potential and their lipophilicity (logP). The Royal Society of Chemistry 2011.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The reaction of pyrimidine based electron-rich heterocyclic thiophene pyrazoles and halide bridged arene d6 metal precursors yielded a series of mononuclear and dinuclear half sandwich d6 metal complexes. Mononuclear and dinuclear complexes formed by the ratio-based reaction between ligand and metal precursor. All these cationic complexes have been characterized by IR, UV?Vis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. Complex 5 has been established by single-crystal analysis. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of mononuclear and dinuclear complexes and suggest that the vicinity around the metal atom is distorted octahedral. An in vitro study to screen the antibacterial potential of these complexes against pathogenic bacteria, S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli was addressed. All the complexes display a better zone of inhibitions for both Gram-positive (S. aureus) and Gram-negative strains (K. pneumoniae, and E. coli). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the most active complex ranged from 0.125 to 0.25 mg/ml for S. aureus and Klebsiella Pneumoniae and 0.25?0.5 mg/ml for E. coli.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Using rational design, an engineered myoglobinbased catalyst capable of catalyzing the cyclopropanation of aryl-substituted olefins with catalytic proficiency (up to 46800 turnovers) and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivity (98-99.9%) was developed. This transformation could be carried out in the presence of up to 20 gL-1 olefin substrate with no loss in diastereo- and/or enantioselectivity. Mutagenesis and mechanistic studies support a cyclopropanation mechanism mediated by an electrophilic, heme-bound carbene species and a model is provided to rationalize the stereopreference of the protein catalyst. This work shows that myoglobin constitutes a promising and robust scaffold for the development of biocatalysts with carbene-transfer reactivity.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Three novel luminescent piano-stool arene ruthenium complexes of general formula [(eta6-arene)RuCl2(CPI)] (eta6- arene = benzene, 1, p-cymene, 2, and hexamethylbenzene, 3; CPI=1-(4-cyanophenyl) imidazole were prepared. The molecular structures of 2 and 3 were determined crystallographically. Reaction of 1-3 with EPh3 (E = P, As, or Sb) and N-N donor bases such as 2,2?-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline afforded cationic mononuclear complexes of general formula [(eta6- arene)RuCl(CPI)(EPh3)]+ (eta6-arene = C 6H6, E = P (1a), E = As (1b), E = Sb (1c); eta6-arene = C10H14, E = P (2a), E = As (2b), E = Sb (2c); eta6-arene = C6Me6, E = P (3a), E = As (3b), E = Sb (3c)) and [(eta6-arene)Ru(N-N)(CPI)] 2+ (eta6-arene = C6H6, N-N = bipy (1d), N-N = phen (1e); eta6-arene = C10H14, N-N = bipy (2d), N-N = phen (2e); eta6-arene = C6Me 6, N-N = bipy (3d), N-N = phen (3e)). Molecular structures of 1a and 2a were also confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Structural studies of the complexes 2, 3, 1a, and 2a supported coordination of CPI through the imidazole nitrogen and the presence of a pendant nitrile group. Structural data also revealed stabilization of crystal packing in the complexes 2, 3, and 2a by C-H…X (X = Cl, F) type inter- and intramolecular interactions and in complex 1a by pi-pi stacking. Moreover, neutral homonuclear bimetallic complexes 2f,g were prepared by using complex 2 as a metallo-ligand, where CPI acts as a bridge between two metal centers. Emission spectra of the mononuclear complexes [(eta6-arene)RuCl2(CPI)] and its derivatives exhibited intense luminescence when excited in the metal to ligand charge-transfer band.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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We report here new examples of enantiomerically pure monodendate phosphinite ligands containing both a ferrocene moiety and NH bridging moiety adjacent to the stereocenter, as well as their ruthenium(II) dichloro complexes. The phosphinites based on ferrocenyl moiety possessing stereogenic center have been screened as ligands for ruthenium(II)-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones to give corresponding secondary alcohols using iso-PrOH as the hydrogen source in the presence of NaOH. Up to 99% conversion with 97% ee was obtained in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone derivatives. Furthermore, the catalytic properties of these catalysts based on ferrocenyl-phosphinite backbone are also discussed briefly. The structures of these ligand and their corresponding complexes have been elucidated by a combination of multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.

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Reference:
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI