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Biosynthesis of the (2S,3R)-3-methyl glutamate residue of nonribosomal lipopeptides

The calcium-dependent antibiotics (CDAs) and daptomycin are therapeutically relevant nonribosomal lipopeptide antibiotics that contain penultimate C-terminal 3-methyl glutamate (3-MeGlu) residues. Comparison with synthetic standards showed that (2S,3R)-configured 3-MeGlu is present in both CDA and daptomycin. Deletion of a putative methyltransferase gene glmT from the cda biosynthetic gene cluster abolished the incorporation of 3-MeGlu and resulted in the production of Glu-containing CDA exclusively. However, the 3-MeGlu chemotype could be re-established through feeding synthetic 3-methyl-2- oxoglutarate and (2S,3R)-3-MeGlu, but not (2S,3S)-3-MeGlu. This indicates that methylation occurs before peptide assembly, and that the module 10 A-domain of the CDA peptide synthetase is specific for the (2S,3R)-stereoisomer. Further mechanistic analyses suggest that GlmT catalyzes the SAM-dependent methylation of alpha-ketoglutarate to give (3R)-methyl-2-oxoglutarate, which is transaminated to (2S,3R)-3-MeGlu. These insights will facilitate future efforts to engineer lipopeptides with modified glutamate residues, which may have improved bioactivity and/or reduced toxicity.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Hydrogen evolution on porous Ni cathodes modified by spontaneous deposition of Ru or Ir

Porous Ni deposits, prepared by cathodic deposition, were modified by immersing them in acid deaerated solutions containing Ru(III) or Ir(IV) chloride complexes with which they readily reacted, without any activation procedure, giving rise to spontaneous deposition of either Ru or Ir. The obtained electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. All data showed that the initial large area of the Ni deposits further increased upon immersion in solutions of noble metal complexes. EDX analyses proved that the deposition of Ru reached a limiting situation in some hours, while that of Ir was slower and continued for a longer time. The persistence of intense peaks due to the Ni(II)/Ni(III) redox system showed that Ru and Ir did not form a continuous layer able to prevent the contact between Ni and electrolyte. Hydrogen evolution was studied in 1 M NaOH solutions. Spontaneous deposition of both noble metals markedly improved the performance of porous Ni. The best results were achieved with Ir-modified electrodes, after immersion in Ir(IV) solution for 6 h. Tafel slopes and overpotentials of Ru-modified electrodes were not as low as those of Ir-modified electrodes.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Bridging and terminal half-sandwich ruthenium dinitrogen complexes and related derivatives: A structural study

The reaction of [CpRuCl(P)2] [(P)2 = dippe (1,2-bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane; (PEt3)2; (PMeiPr2)2] with Na[BAr?4] (Ar?4 = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) in fluorobenzene under argon generates the corresponding cationic 16-electron species [CpRu(P)2]+, which reacts with trace amounts of dinitrogen present even in high-purity argon furnishing the dinitrogen-bridged complexes [{CpRu(P)2}2(mu-N2)][BAr?4] 2 [(P)2 = dippe 1a; (PEt3)2 1b; (PMeiPr2)2 1c]. If the reaction is performed under dinitrogen, the terminal dinitrogen complexes [CpRu-(N2)(P)2][BAr?4] [(P)2 = dippe 2a; (PMeiPr2)2 2c] are obtained. Compound 1b was obtained irrespectively of the atmosphere used, and no terminal dinitrogen complex has been detected. The crystal structures of 1a, 1b, and 2a have been determined. During one attempt to isolate the 16-electron complex [CpRu(PMeiPr2)2][BAr?4], the 18-electron tris(phosphine) derivative [CpRu(PMeiPr2)3][BAr?4], 3, was obtained instead, and it was structurally characterized. Halide abstraction from [CpRuCl(PMeiPr2)(PPh3)] under dinitrogen using Na[BAr?4] yielded [CpRu(N2)(PMeiPr2)(PPh3)] [BAr?4], 2d, but under argon the complex [CpRu(PMeiPr2)(PPh3)]-[BAr?4], 4, which contains a rare eta3-coordinated PPh3 ligand as shown by X-ray crystallography, was isolated.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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The remarkable tridentate coordination of 4,6-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)dibenzofuran in ruthenium(II) complexes

4,6-Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)dibenzofuran (1), despite its large P…-P distance of 5.74 A and its bite angle of ca. 131, was found to be capable of tridentate coordination to ruthenium(II) chloride. Single crystal X-ray structure analyses of the new ruthenium(II) complexes 3, 4, and 5 revealed that the ligand 1 coordinates to a single ruthenium atom with both phosphorus centers and the dibenzofuran oxygen atom. The remarkable ligand deformation resulting from the coordination is evident from the decrease of the P-P distance by 1 A to 4.75 A and the increase of the bite angle (P-Ru-P) by 25 to 155-157. The unprecedented in-plane coordination of the dibenzofuran oxygen atom to ruthenium is interesting in view of the hybridisation of the oxygen. VCH Verlagsgeseueschaft mbH.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Influence of substitution of Ru on the electrocatalytic properties of the perovskite-type LaSrNiO4 electrode towards methanol oxidation

Ru-substituted perovskite oxides with molecular formulae LaSrNi 1-xRuxO4 (0.1 ?x ?0.5) have been obtained by a modified, citric acid sol-gel route at 600C for their possible use as anodes in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). These oxides have been as film on a nickel support and investigated for electrocatalysis of methanol oxidation in 1M KOH using XRD, SEM, cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, impedance and Tafel polarization. The study shows that 0.2-0.5 mol Ru substitutions improve the apparent electrocatalytic activity of the oxide towards electrooxidation of methanol; the observed improvement being the greatest (? 80% at E = 0.55 V versus Hg/HgO) with 0.2 mol Ru substitution. During a chronoamperometric study of 5 h at E = 0.5 V in 1M KOH + 1M CH3OH, the Ru-substituted electrodes did not indicate any poisoning by the methanol oxidation intermediates/products. The methanol electrooxidation reaction follows a Tafel slope of ? 40 mV decade-1 and the order with respect to [OH -] is ? 2 on each electrocatalyst, regardless of the Ru content.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Kinetics of Ru(III)-catalysed and Uncatalysed Oxidation of Chloroacetic Acids by N-Bromosuccinimide in Aqueous Solution

The title reaction, studied in the presence of mercuric acetate and sulphuric acid is first order in both in the presence and absence of catalyst Ru(III).However, the order in in the absence of Ru(III), is unity which changes to fractional order in its presence.Increase in retards the reaction rate.The order of reactivities of the three acetic acids is: trichloroacetic acid > dichloroacetic acid > monochloroacetic acid.Individual rate constants (k), formation constants (K1) of the complexes of chloroacetic acids and the catalyst and corresponding thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated and a suitable mechanism involving the unprotonated NBS as the reactive species has been suggested.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Epoxidation of cyclohexene catalyzed by transition-metal substituted alpha-titanium arsenate using tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant

Epoxidation of cyclohexene, using transition-metal substituted alpha-titanium arsenate {alpha-TiMA, where M = Cu(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Fe(III), Cr(III), and Ru(III)} as a catalyst and dry tert-butyl hydroperoxide as an oxidant, was studied. In the epoxidation reaction, cyclohexene was oxidized to cyclohexene oxide, cyclohexenol, and cyclohexenone. A maximum selectivity for epoxidation of cyclohexene (89.89%) was observed for alpha-TiRuAs/dryTBHP system after 4 hr of reaction when concentrations of catalyst and substrate were 0.20 and 20 mmole, respectively. A mechanism was proposed, which satisfactorily explained the catalytic activity of the alpha-TiMAs/dry/TBHP system for the epoxidation of cyclohexene.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Core-shell structured microcapsular-like Ru@SiO2 reactor for efficient generation of COx-free hydrogen through ammonia decomposition

The core-shell structured microcapsular-like Ru@SiO2 reactor is proved to be the most efficient material known to date for COx-free hydrogen production via ammonia decomposition for fuel cells application. The very active Ru core particles can retain good stability even at high temperatures (up to 650C) thanks to the protection of the inert SiO 2 nano-shell.

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Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Catalytic alkenylation of phenylpyridines with terminal alkynes by a [12]metallacrown-6 ruthenium(II) compound

Two new [12]metallacrown-6 compounds, [M6II(SMe) 12] [M = Ru (1), Zn (2)], were constructed from a dimethyl sulfoxide decomposed methylthiol product to doubly bridged metal centers. The Ru II compound can prompt alkenylation reactions of phenylpyridlnes with alkynes to generate monoalkenylated arylpyrldines in moderate yields with high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity.

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Reference£º
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI

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Dendrimers with a photoactive and redox-active [Ru(bpy)3]2+-type core: Photophysical properties, electrochemical behavior, and excited-state electron-transfer reactions

We report the synthesis of six new dendrimers built around a [Ru(bpy)3]2+-type core (bpy = 2,2?-bipyridine) and bearing up to 24 4?-tert-butylphenyloxy or 48 benzyl units in the periphery. The metallodendrimers were obtained by complexation of ruthenium trichloride or Ru(bpy)2Cl2 with bipyridine ligands carrying dendritic wedges in the 4,4?-positions. The absorption spectra and luminescence properties (spectra and lifetimes at 77 and 298 K; quantum yields at 298 K) of the six novel compounds are reported. All of them show the characteristic luminescence of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+-type core unit. The dendritic branches protect the luminescent excited state of the core by dioxygen quenching. For the three compounds containing the 4?-tert-butylphenyloxy peripheral units, the electrochemical behavior and the excited-state quenching via electron transfer were also studied. The electrochemical experiments have evidenced an oxidation and three reduction one-electron processes centered in the [Ru(bpy)3]2+-type core and two multielectron oxidation processes involving the dioxybenzene-and oxybenzene-type units of the dendritic branches. The core of the largest dendrimer shows an electrochemical behavior typical of encapsulated electroactive units. The reaction of the luminescent excited state of the [Ru-(bpy)3]2+-type core with three electron-transfer quenchers (namely, methyl viologen dication, tetrathiafulvalene, and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate anion) was found to take place by a dynamic mechanism in all cases. The quenching rate constants, obtained by Stern-Volmer kinetic analysis, are compared with those found for the simple [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex. The results show that, for each quencher, the value of the rate constant decreases with increasing number and size of the dendritic branches. For the second-generation dendrimer containing 24 4?-tert-butylphenyloxy units at the periphery, the rate constant of the reaction with methyl viologen is more than 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of the “naked” [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex. All the experiments were performed in acetonitrile solution, except for luminescence experiments at 77 K where butyronitrile was used.

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Reference£º
Highly efficient and robust molecular ruthenium catalysts for water oxidation,
Catalysts | Special Issue : Ruthenium Catalysts – MDPI